Enhanced external counterpulsation improves cardiac function in Beagles after cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) on the cardiac function of beagle dogs after prolonged ventricular fibrillation. Twenty-four adult male beagles were randomly divided into control and EECP groups. Ventricular fibrillation was induced in the animals for 12 min, followed by 2 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. They then received EECP therapy for 4 h (EECP group) or not (control group). The hemodynamics was monitored using the PiCCO2 system. Blood gas and hemorheology were assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, and 4 h after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The myocardial blood flow (MBF) was quantified by 18F-flurpiridaz PET myocardial perfusion imaging at baseline and 4 h after ROSC. Survival time of the animals was recorded within 24 h. Ventricular fibrillation was successfully induced in all animals, and they achieved ROSC after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Survival time of the control group was shorter than that of the EECP group [median of 8 h (min 8 h, max 21 h) vs median of 24 h (min 16 h, max 24 h) (Kaplan Meyer plot analysis, P=0.0152). EECP improved blood gas analysis findings and increased the coronary perfusion pressure and MBF value. EECP also improved the cardiac function of Beagles after ROSC in multiple aspects, significantly increased blood flow velocity, and decreased plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation index, and hematocrit levels. EECP improved the hemodynamics of beagle dogs and increased MBF, subsequently improving cardiac function and ultimately improving the survival time of animals after ROSC.

Resultados a corto plazo de angioplastía de rescate en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con trombólisis fallida / Short-term results of rescue angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction and failure of thrombolysis treatment

El objetivo es describir nuestra experiencia, resultados clínicos y angiográficos inmediatos en pacientes con IAM sometidos a angioplastía coronaria transluminal percutánea de rescate (ACTPR). Material y métodos: Tipo de estudio; retrospectivo, observacional, transversal y descriptivo con seguimiento a 30 días. De enero de 2001 a julio de 2004 se realizaron 3,238 procedimientos de ACTP con aplicación de stent a pacientes con diagnóstico de cardiopatía isquémica por aterosclerosis coronaria, se seleccionó a 32 pacientes que representan el 0.98%, con edad de 47 a 79 años promedio de 63, 24 (75%) del sexo masculino, con hipertensión arterial sistémica 29 (90.6%), diabetes mellitus 18 (56.3%), hipercolesterolemia 11 (34.4%), tabaquismo 24 (75%), con antecedentes de angina inestable 9 (28.1%) y con infarto miocardio previo 2 (6.3%). La localización del IAM: anterior extenso 14 (43.8%), anteroseptal en 6 (18.8%), postero-inferior en 5 (15.6%), Pl con extensión eléctrica y/o hemodinámica en VD en 4 (12.5%), lateral en 1 (3.1%). Se trombolizaron en un tiempo promedio 3.19 horas (rango 2-7) con estreptoquinasa 19 (59.4%) y con rTPA 13 (40.6%), la CPK-MB pico (U) promedio de 348 ± 240. Con Killip Kimball (KK) 1 en cinco (15.6%), II 16 (50%), III 5 (15.6%) y IV 6 (18.8%) éstos manejados con balón intraaórtico de contrapulsación. Resultados: Llevados a sala de hemodinamia en un tiempo de 6 a 24 h encontrando flujo TIMI 0 en 16 (50%), TIMI 1 en diez (31.2%), TIMI 2 en seis (18.8%), promedio de vasos enfermos de 1.9. Se implantó stent en 27 (84.3%). Éxito angiográfico post ACTP más stent TIMI 3 en 24 (75%). Complicaciones: En 9(28.1%), en 7 (21.8%) con no reflujo y en 1 (3.1%) disección de la arteria coronaria relacionada con el IAM, 6 (18.7%) que fallecieron, en 4 (12.5%) con choque cardiogénico; 3 (9.3%) la ACTPR fue fallida. Conclusión: La ACTPR es un procedimiento de alto riesgo y pese a ello es una buena alternativa de tratamiento en pacientes con trombólisis fallida.

The present study is aimed at describing the short-term assessment of clinical and angiographic results in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with rescue percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (RPTCA). Methods: We reviewed retrospectively, from January 2001 to July 2004, the interventional procedures performed in patients with coronary heart disease. From a total of 3,258 patients we selected 32 (0.98%) with acute myocardial infarction and failure of thrombolysis treatment, which were treated with RPTCA to relief the symptoms. Average age was 63 years (range 47-79), there were 24 men (75%); hypertension in 29 (90.6%); diabetes mellitus in 18 (56.3%); currently smoking 24 (75%); dyslipidemia in 11 (34.4%); unstable angina in 9 (28.1%); previous myocardial infarction in 2 (6.3%). The area related to the infarction was anterior and lateral in 14 (43.8%), anteroseptal in 6 (18.8%), postero-inferior in 5 (15.6%) with electric and hemodynamic involvement in 4 (12.5%), lateral in 1(3.1 %). Thrombolysis treatment was delivered in 3.19 hours (range 2-7 hours) with streptokinasein 19 (59.4%) and rTPA in 13 (40.6%). The evaluated serum marker was CPK-MB with the highest level of 348 ± 240 U/L. Killip Kimball (KK) class was established as follows: KKI in 5 (15.6%), II in 16 (50%), III in 5 (15.6%), and IV in 6 (18.8%). Patients with cardiogenic shock were treated with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Results: Time between symptoms and arrival to the cath lab was 11 hours (range 6-24 hours). TIMI flow was: TIMI 0 in 16(50%). TIMI 1 in 10 (31.2%), TIMI 2 in 6 (18.8%). The number of vessels with a significant lesion was 1.9 (range 1-4). Stents were placed in 27 (84.3%) patients. Angiographic success post-angioplasty was achieved in 24 (75%); there were 9 complications (28.1%), no reflow in 7 (21.8%), coronary dissection in 1 (3.1%). Six patients died (18.7%) and 4 of them (12.5%) were in cardiogenic shock. Conclusion: RPT-CA is a high-risk procedure, being an acceptable treatment option for patients with thrombolysis failure.

Alternativas para o tratamento da angina do peito: novos agentes farmacológicos, contrapulsação externa, técnicas neuroanalgésicas, angiogênese terapêutica e revascularização transmiocárdica / Alternatives for the treatment of angina pectoris: new drugs, external counterpulsation, spinal-cord estimulation for analgesia, therapeutic angiogenesis, and transmyocardial revascularization

A terapêutica de pacientes com doença coronária e com angina do peito tem sido a mesma já há muitos anos, baseando-se nos nitratos, betabloqueadores e antagonistas de cálcio. Mais recentemente, e em função do crescente número de pacientes que têm angina do peito a despeito do tratamento habitual, novos fármacos têm sido desenvolvidos, alguns em estudo de fase III, incluindo trimetazidina, ranolazina, nicorandil e ivabradina. Quando a angina do peito não é controlada com a medicação, é realizado tratamento com angioplastia e com cirurgia, mas existem indivíduos que, a despeito desses tratamentos, persistem com angina sem perspectiva de resolução de seus sintomas. Para esses pacientes desenvolveram-se alternativas, desde o "laser" intramiocárdico até terapêutica com analgesia espinal, e, mais recentemente, a terapia gênica. Esta última está em fase de desenvolvimento, mas algumas alternativas já estão sendo avaliadas em estudo de fase III.

Implante cirúrgico do baläo intra-aórtico: uso de uma nova técnica / Surgical implantation of intra-aortic balloon: a new technique

É descrita uma nova técnica para contrapulsaçao intra-aórtica, por dissecçao cirúrgica da artéria femoral, e introduçao do balao intra-aórtico através de um segmento de veia safena. A remoçao do balao evita a realizaçao de nova incisao cirúrgica, diminui as causas de obstruçao das artérias e a infecçao de ferida cirúrgica. Foi estudada a evoluçao de 18 pacientes operados.

Assistência circulatória ao coração direito através da contrapulsação pulmonar usando-se um método biológico / Right ventricular assistance through pulmonary artery counterpulsation using a biological method

PURPOSE: To study the hemodynamic effects of latissimus dorsi dynamic pulmonaroplasty in open chest animals. METHODS: Six anesthetized mongrel dogs were subjected to diastolic counterpulsation using electrically stimulated latissimus dorsi muscle flap wrapped around the aortic and pulmonary arteries roots and gated to the surface electrocardiogram. Aortic and Pulmonanary pressures as well as cardiac output and cardiac index were measured. RESULTS: Diastolic counterpulsation resulted in a significant increase in cardiac output (from 2.35 +/- 0.26 to 2.45 +/- 0.28 l/min) (p < 0.005) and cardiac index (from 0.108 +/- 0.020 to 0.113 +/- 0.020 l/min/kg) (p < 0.05). The diastolic pulmonary arterial efficiency index showed a significant increase when latissimus dorsi stimulation was on (from 8.37 +/- 0.60 to 11.65 +/- 0.83 mmHg); (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Latissimus dorsi dynamic pulmonaroplasty provides an effective means of arterial counter pulsation in open chest dogs

Objetivo - Estudar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da pulmonaroplastia dinâmica num modelo animal agudo. Métodos -Seis cães anestesiados foram tratados com contrapulsação pulmonar, obtida através de um mecanismo autólogo, utilizando-se a artéria pulmonar. Procedimento que consiste em colocar ao redor das artérias aorta e pulmonar um enxerto muscular de músculo grande dorsal, introduzido na cavidade torácica logo após sua desinserção. A estimulação do músculo foi realizada durante a diástole em forma sincronizada com o eletrocardiograma (ECG) de superfície. Foram realizadas medições hemodinâmicas de pressões pulmonares, aórticas, débito cardíaco (DC) e índice cardíaco (IC). Na avaliação da eficácia da contrapulsação diastólica pulmonar, utilizou-se o índice de eficiência arterial (IEA), que considera as áreas diastólicas e sistólicas abaixo das curvas de pressão.Resultados - Aumento do DC de 2,35 ± 0,26 para 2,45 ± 0,28 l/min (p<0,005). IC aumentou de 0,108 ± 0,020 para 0,113 ± 0,020 l/min/kg. IEA pulmonar aumentou na diástole, quando realizada a assistência, de 8,37 ± 0,60 para 11,65 ± 0,83mmHg (p<0,005). Conclusão -A eletromioestimulação do enxerto muscular de grande dorsal é um método eficiente de contrapulsação neste modelo animal de experimentação aguda